Internet History Essays (1054 words) - Network Architecture

Internet History In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet." The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one hundred thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. "Regional" support for the Internet is provided by various consortium networks and "local" support is provided through each of the research and educational institutions. Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations. During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. The present emphasis in the system is on multiprotocol interworking, and in particular, with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, OSI protocol implementations also became available and, by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people. A great deal of support for the Internet community has come from the U.S. Federal Government, since the Internet was originally part of a federally-funded research program and, subsequently, has become a major part of the U.S. research infrastructure. During the late 1980's, however, the population of Internet users and network constituents expanded internationally and began to include commercial facilities. Indeed, the bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities in educational and research institutions, businesses and in government organizations across the globe. The Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Networks (CCIRN), which was organized by the U.S. Federal Networking Council (FNC) and the European Reseaux Associees pour la Recherche Europeenne (RARE), plays an important role in the coordination of plans for government- sponsored research networking. CCIRN efforts have been a stimulus for the support of international cooperation in the Internet environment. Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. These were originally developed in the DARPA research program mentioned above, but in the last five or six years, this work has been undertaken on a wider basis with support from Government agencies in many countries, industry and the academic community. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 to guide the evolution of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and to provide research advice to the Internet community. During the course of its existence, the IAB has reorganized several times. It now has two primary components: the Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Research Task Force. The former has primary responsibility for further evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite, its standardization with the concurrence of the IAB, and the integration of other protocols into Internet operation (e.g. the Open Systems Interconnection protocols). The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies. A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board and Internet

buy custom Rehabilitation of First Degree Murderer essay

buy custom Rehabilitation of First Degree Murderer essay This section will be divided into sub-sections of background of study, problem statement, research objectives, and research questions, overview of the design of the research, significance of the study, and limitation of the study as well as chapters outline 1.1 Background to the Study This area will focus on the rehabilitation programs for the first-degree murderers, which have become the centre of interest among many nations of the world. These programs have gone a long way in helping first degree murderers cope with the psychological problems associated with tier cases. Many scholars in criminology have questioned the effectiveness of these programs with respect to reducing re-offending cases amongst first-degree murderers. The need to ensure that these murderers do not commit more murders in prisons has become inevitable. While many people think first-degree murderers are violent, committing a murder does not necessarily mean that one is violent. Many inmates convicted as first-degree murderers have not committed more than one murder. There are possibilities that the murder committed was as a result of temper or other states of mind that threw these persons off balance. Domestic violence has been attributed to numerous murders in the U.S. and the rest parts of the globe. Drug abuse and temporary insanity have also been ranked among causes of murders reported in many parts of the world. Despite many programs aimed at rehabilitating first-degree murderers and lots of campaigns that have been made, nothing has changed in so far as helping first degree murderers to accept their fate and embrace a more sober state of mind. This was caused by infective management of these programs and centres. Lack of enough skilled personnel has also undermined the efforts to have first-degree murderers rehabilitated. This does not, however, means that efforts to rehabilitate first-degree murderers have abated. There is a lot that can be done to ensure that these programs are beefed up. However, as mentioned earlier, the criteria for naming a first degree murderer is dependent upon the statute of the particular states prosecutions. A first-degree murderer is different from other classifications of murderers, since there is absolute premeditation attached to the murder committed. The distinguishing factor is that first-degree murderers act out of malice and unknown reasons unlike manslaughter and others, which in some cases tend to act in defence of against one self. The absolute diversity among effective programs in the U.S. lies in twixt of wealthy and poor states. Wealthy states have better programs than those in developing nations, which are suffocated by challenges ranging from managerial to skilled labour. Notably, in less developed countries, there are apparently little efforts and capital channelled towards improving the sorry state of these rehabilitation centres. This is due to the ignorance and short sightedness in seeing the need for this requirement. More to it is that, there is a poverty belt that is seemingly tight around the economy of these states. First-degree murderers rehabilitation centres are generally ineffective. Despite the fact that this condition is limiting the rehabilitation programs, the program initiators are working around the clock to see that they are able to beat this challenge. However, not all poor states lack the rehabilitation processes, some of them have welcomed the idea of beefing up these programs. There is, however, the quest from effective programs, which nation-states must go round. Lack of adequate cash to run the programs, negative attitude towards first degree murderers, adequate skilled personnel and poor management are some of these challenges. 1.2 Problem Statement This part will briefly state the key focus of the study in the form of a statement of the problem. The statement will be as follows: Ineffective programs in the rehabilitation of first-degree murderer. 1.3 Research Objectives and Research Questions This section will split the problem statement into various autonomous sub-parts, which will form the background of the study, including the questionnaire formulation and incorporation of the distinct facets. The prime objectives of the study will be; The rehabilitation programs for the first-degree murderers. The comparisons of rehabilitation programs in the develop and developing nations. Factors hindering the rehabilitation program The research questions will seek to achieve the following; What is the fate of programs in the rehabilitation of first-degree murderer? What is the ineffectiveness of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers? What ways can improve the rehabilitation programs? The answers to these questions will be obtained after the data is collected and analyzed, predominantly, in the methodology. 1.4 Research Overview and Design This section will lay out the tools that will be employed by this study. The primary data will chiefly comes from the questionnaires tactically formulated and presented to ten or more rehabilitation centres, which have dealt with cases of the first-degree murderer. The secondary data will come from the peer-reviewed journals, books, academic articles and other scientific publications accessible via the internet and in academic libraries. The information on this data will consist of the previous studies conducted in line with the programs of rehabilitation for the first-degree murderer and impacts of these programs among other comparable studies. 1.5 Significance of the Study This research is ultimately significant. While many studies have been channelled towards the general sense of the ineffectiveness of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers, little attention has been channelled towards unravelling the intricate nature of the ineffectiveness and how it can be corrected. The recent researches in this area have only been successful in designing programs deemed effective for rehabilitating first-degree murderers. Due to lack of enough data to inform the designs on the complex but practical nature of rehabilitating first-degree murderers, these designs have also failed to solve the inherent ineffectiveness. Provision of reliable data and literature on this area is still overdue. 1.6 Limitations of the Study The research anticipates the following limitations, which may inconvenience the outcome of the results; Due to its digested survey, criteria the research might fail to reveal the aggregate nature of all rehabilitation centers for first-degree murderers. The methodology incorporated in the sampling might be biased as there is a preselected section that the survey will be generated from and the findings may, therefore, be biased. 1.7 Chapter Overview This part will briefly introduce other chapters in the document, including the literature review chapter, methodology chapter, analysis chapter, and the conclusion chapter respectively. 2.0 Literature Review This chapter will briefly look into the very scanty literature exists in the field of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers. However, from as early as the 18th century, the governments saw the need to curb cases of murder many of them have been reluctant to give a second chance to first-degree murderers. Frst-degree murderers have been regarded as a danger to the society and people with psychological problems that overwhelm modern problem solving tools. A number of scholars have made some comments in various academic publications that this research will find useful. Though successful to some people, the rehabilitation does not entirely help everyone (Shover, 2004). Some of the murderers are born-murderers and hence the ability of rehabilitation to this inborn trait can bring little or no effect thus eluding change. Murder, like any action, can lead to addiction thus developing a passion for murder. When a murderer commits murder for fun, rehabilitating him/her may not yield desired fruits. In such a case, rehabilitation is rendered useless and a mere wastage of time and money. Experts in these programs should be able to classify murderers in terms of candid motives for murder (Shover, 2004). Some of the murderers, as Friedrichs (1999) studied, tend to make the rehabilitation programs difficult to carry out; this is as a result of some of them are so used to the killings that they are unable to cease the behaviour. Lack of proper handling skills of the murderers is one factor that is limiting the efficiency of outcome of this crucial rehabilitation. This is due to the lack of the required skilled personnel in the handling of the victims could also act as an untimely brake into the motion of the important deed. Some states do not recommend such rehabilitation actions since the acts are not disciplinary in nature. In turn, they opt for actions, which they claim to be disciplinary to the murderer like hanging, and thus the victim ends up facing the dying lieu of being rehabilitated. This, according to Friedrichs (1999), completely shows that the rehabilitation is not important and thus instead of its spread and development, it is, unfortunately, rendered stagnant or fully re trogressive. Some murderers tend to pose fake identity that makes rehabilitators think that they are reformed and ready to be released (Felson, 2005). On release, they re-offend swatting at the progress thought to have been made during rehabilitation. Moreover, other rehabilitators tend to let go of the victims before they are fully through their recovery process, this act is undoubtedly premature as the person in question has not passed through all the required metamorphosis of the structure of the program. These two latter inter-related matters only end up in major drawbacks and turmoil to the rehabilitation work as it is seen to be null and void, unnecessary and ineffective. Feins (2008) states that, negligence on the part of rehabilitators is also evident in the developing countries. Professionals charged with helping murderers do not act their part, thus the anticipated outcomes of reformed criminals are not attained. The rehabilitation period is, therefore, prolonged or fails to take place at all. The causes for these challenges mainly emanate from the lackadaisical manner that government handles rehabilitation centres. Governments do not work hand in hand with the rehabilitation centres so as to help change the citizens of its country. In this context, the governments have been found wanting and below par of their expectations in matters so crucial in nation building. Researches conducted over the years by Carr (2009) and Fennelly (2001) have provided the information that some of the first degree murderers are either insane or undertake their killing under the influence of drugs. This has been contributed by inhuman actions done or committed by any human. This factor poses a major challenge to the rehabilitation in a way that the staffs working in them have to face two problems at a time; the insanity and the drug addiction problem. Most of rehabilitated murderers carry aspects of violence and reoffending tendencies making whole reformation process more complicated. Some fight amongst themselves due to little misunderstandings or the malice thing that keeps them on their toes. This behavior from the victims can pose a major challenge as the people involved in the reforming agenda are expected to find new ways of coping with the problem lest the program fails to achieve its set objectives (Shover, 2004). Developing countries may have negligence to their rehabilitees; this is either for the lack of apt concentration by the rehabilitators, this might be due to lack of motivation from the government or due to poor pay or no wages at all to the people working to rehabilitate the murderers. Lack of well-trained rehabilitation practitioners is also another challenging vice that keeps the programs stagnant; the rehabilitants need to be well educated to know ones characters and physiological moods. This aspect will help them know whether some murderers act out of anger or fear, for instance (Samaha, 2000). Management is an essential part of any program in that if an initiative does not have sound leadership and management; it is likely to miss the objectives. Strategic managers motivate employees to work hard and provide a good standard and quality by providing the much needed leadership and guidance. Good managers are aware that if they want their programs to be given a high priority and attain good standards, they have to portray an exceptional behaviour, so that others can copy from them (Siegel, 2004). They will always strive to establish principles concerning treatment of employees and the approach to achieving the organizational goals. They also seek to establish high performance and excellence standards. In the case of programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murderer, participative management in the programs including government, murderers, experts and other interested parties is deemed to work for the better. Participative management has been described as an open type of management where the experts and those being rehabilitated have a strong say in the decision-making function. Managers who are actively seeking a strong cooperative relationship with their employees and subordinates have developed it. Participative management is one of the new approaches and best practices in managing the diverse programs especially in psychology and criminology, (Project Management Institute, 2004). Given that participative management makes experts more responsible and highly accountable since they left to make all decisions regarding their jobs, there is an imminent danger of experts making costly decisions to the rehabilitation program (Project Management Institute, 2004). The problem of management for first degree murderers rehabilitation becomes more complicated if a greater percentage of personnel is not well informed and educated on the nature of rehabilitating this special group of inmates. Research by Fry Raadschelders (2008) observes that many rehabilitation centres have failed to help patients due to their inherent use of the rigid old system of public administration. The state, therefore, is the sole decision maker and the general public, to which services are intended, remains passive in management. There is a need, as Fry Raadschelders (2008) further explain, to come up with a more welfare-oriented system of management in rehabilitation programs. Fry Raadschelders (2008) give six fundamentals that are the core to the success of rehabilitation programs for inmates irrespective of the crimes committed. First of the fundamentals is the existence of a catalytic government that propels and ensures successful implementation of therapeutic approaches to inmates. Under this fundamental, say Fry Raadschelders (2008), it is good to understand that the main driver of a successful rehabilitation program is not the basic value of managing a centers current programs but the room to allow for newer approaches to a particular managerial situation. The second fundamental is community based welfare that seeks to ensure that the general public is empowered to sustain itself instead of the mere emphasis of ensuring that community needs are met. Thirdly, the program management style upholds the need for competitive systems across various rehabilitation centres. Governments need to put rehabilitation practitioners in a competing mode in order to ensure that quality and efficiency in service delivery is gauged on a yardstick, Project Management Institute, 2004). 3.0 Research Methodology In this chapter, the actual tools of research will clearly be laid down. The study will deeply be rooted on quantitative methodology and composed of several sections. Some of these sections will include method of data collection through questionnaire method, sampling, presets, and methods of data collection as well as analysis. Essentially, the case studies will be critically analyzed in the secondary sources, in order to identify various factors that led to ineffective programs in the rehabilitation center for first degree murders. The study will further aim to show how lack of enough personnels has aggravated this problem in various rehabilitations centers across the world. Primary data is obtained through the use of questionnaires, which will be randomly distributed to the sampled respondents. This chapter will also look at the ethical considerations, as well as the limitations of the study. 3.1 Questionnaire Design In most of the Meta analysis, structured-undistinguished questionnaires are mostly used. The questionnaires consist of questions, having similar wording as well as written in the similar order, to all of the intended respondents. In addition, the responses along with the questions are often standardized. The main factor for standardizing these questions as well as the responses is to ensure that all of the intended respondents offers their responses to the same question. The questionnaire will consists of the dichotomous questions, the multichotomous questions, and some will be designed to scales. When the questions contain fixed alternatives, indeed they can be considered to be either multichotomous, dichotomous, or scales. Multichotomous question can be defined as a fixed alternative question, where the respondents are given the chance to select among the numerous alternatives, which have provided a response that most closely matches to their view of the subject under discussion. O n the other hand, dichotomous questions are also considered to have fixed alternatives, though they only have two alternatives from where the respondents are expected to provide their views. Scale questions are mostly used to determine the frequency of a happening and determining how much the respondent will either agree or disagree with the type or question being asked. However, it is worth noting that the scales measures can be easily applied when the type of alternatives provided are identical in numerous questions. The questionnaire will be designed basically with the help of some questions sourced from the existing studies. Generally, for this study major aim of the questionnaires will be to determine the efficiency of the current systems of rehabilitating first degree murderers in terms of programming, identification of needs, and formulation of strategies, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness. 3.2 Sampling When designing the sample to be used in the study, it is crucial to specify the sample size, the sample selection process, and the sample frame. The sample frame is mainly considered as the inventory of the population elements, which will be applied in creating the entire sample. Further, it is crucial to bear in mind that the entire sample selection process demands that the sample form be clearly specified. In this study, the sample will be obtained from several rehabilitation centres, where murderers of first degree are held. The targeted population to be surveyed was basically the management as well as the employees working in the rehabilitation centres. Generally, in this study the researcher will be interested in finding out if rehabilitation programs are decided by government officials or murderer needs are also considered. 3.3 Data Collection Method There are numerous methods, which have been provided by various authors that could be applied in collecting quantitative data. These include e-mail survey, telephone interviews, mail survey, web surveys, and personal interviews among many other forms. The use of interviews as a method of collecting primary data for this study will be rejected because of timing as well as the associated cost factors. In this study, data will be collected by the use of questionnaires. This is due to the fact that they are reliable, economical as well as offer the respondents with adequate time to provide the required information. The reason as to why this study preferred to use mail questionnaires was due to the fact that they are reliable and at the same time. The data collection process will be expected to take about one and a half months, after that data was analyzed to find out whether the research questions had actually been answered or not. Further, pretesting was also done, in order to identify the ambiguous questions as well as determine if the order of the questions was right. 3.4 Pretesting Pretesting is done to ensure that the researchers aims and expectations, with regard to the information that will be collected from all the application of the questionnaires, are actually attained. It is notable that assert that in this study, the respondents will be composed of a large proportion of the sample population, and will be comparable to those that will be applied in the real study. 3.5 Measurement Scales It is crucial noting that the summated scales are mostly made from the statements, which are found within the questionnaire. However, for this study, both the factors as well as the reliability analysis are applied in confirming the measurement scales. The reliability of the measurement scales highlighted by the literature will first be analyzed. This will be followed by the factor analysis, in order to ensure that the same thing is being measured. However, the measurement scales, which were supposed to measure certain aspects such as uncertainty and levels of specialization, contained suspicious reliability. 3.6 Data Analysis The data will be collected through the use of questionnaires that will be coded into the Statistical Analysis Program (SPSS). This will consists of several distinct statistical tests as well as analyses. The descriptive analyses will first conduct, in order to offer a description of the data. The measurement constructs factors that have led to infective programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murders will be shown. 3.7 Regression Model for Testing the Hypotheses Regression analysis is mostly used to test the hypotheses, in order to determine which independent variable justifies the dependent variable, which is assessing factors resulting to infective programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murders. In this part various hypothesis will be formulated. 3.8 Ethical Considerations There are several ethical issues, which will be considered while designing and conducting this research study. Some of them will include the freedom for each participant to take part in this study, a full disclosure of the type of the study, associated risks, as well as benefits will be provided to all the participants just to ensure their decisions in taking part in the study was justified. 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Health Promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Promotion - Assignment Example Also, chronic diseases account for 75% of the national health budget. Prevention of chronic diseases, therefore, not only improves the health of the community but also reduces healthcare spending. There are a lot of health challenges associated with old age. Most degenerative and non-communicable diseases are prevalent among the elderly population, affecting mostly those living in low socioeconomic settings (Thakur, Banerjee & Nikumb, 2013). Furthermore, the authors note that health in old age is related to health earlier in life. For instance, intrauterine growth retardation has been shown to increase the risk of diabetes and diseases of the circulatory system later in life. Also, obese children are more likely to develop chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes among others. As a result, elderly people face a lot of health challenges that should be addressed to improve their quality of life. In the case of AK, the most easily identifiable health problem is unintentional weight loss, attributable to the recent appetite loss. He reports that he takes a glass of wine before going to bed and also smokes 0.25 packs of cigarette a day for the past six months. An analysis of his social history reveals that he has been having trouble sleeping, and experiences daytime somnolence. The patient also has several chronic diseases that are being treated, including hypertension (ICD-9 401-405), osteoarthritis (ICD-9 715.09) and cataracts (ICD-9 366). Several interventions can be made for AK’s condition, covering primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention. They include: At the primary prevention level, AK should incorporate certain behavior changes into his daily life. First, he needs to ensure that he is more physically active. He says that he enjoys gardening at home, which is a good form of exercise. However, his recent accident indicates that he should not do the gardening alone. High resistance physical

Moral Development and Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Moral Development and Domestic Violence - Essay Example Thus, the violence is done not only to one's physical body, but it affects one's emotional state. Here a few elements of domestic violence will be addressed. First, it will be examined what exactly is moral development, domestic violence, and types of abuse. Secondly, the personalities of the victim and the abuser will be analyzed, including the consequences of domestic violence. Third, and finally, studies, testimonies, developmental attributes, and domestic violence prevention will be discussed. There will also be a section devoted to concluding thoughts and other commentary. Moral development involves the evolution of a person's conscience over time. With regards to the person being abused, her moral values definitely can shape the relationship. For example, if a victim continues to exhibit lax moral behavior around the abuser, this can subsequently erode her case against her abuser if her case is taken to court. The plaintiff (the victim) will most likely be attacked by the abuser's lawyer in court, who will make accusations about the victim's moral laxity. The moral development of the victim over time will surely bear itself out, and once certain actions have been taken, the victim cannot reclaim these actions. Rather, the actions of the victim may come back to haunt her. Therefore, it is important for victims of domestic violence to try to live lives that are above reproach. This is a very important principle because, in court, the abuser's lawyer will no doubt try to discredit the victim. Thusly, it is a premier advantage to the victim to have compl ete and total control of her life, therefore not giving the abuser any leverage. If the victim is morally lax, it makes it easier for the abuser's defense team to destroy the victim again once more-only this time in a courtroom. Obviously, reliving moments of abuse once all the dirty laundry of a bad relationship is being aired is not a pleasant experience, but the victim must sometimes have instances like these in which she must confront her abuser in a blameless fashion. This is the point at which the woman finally has power and can rely on herself to be the stalwart in an uncertain world. The moral development of the abuser must at this point be taken into question. Without a doubt, the morals of the abuser are definitely going to be in question. What constitutes the moral development of an abuser The abuser may be knowingly or unknowingly abusing another person, and that is not beyond his or her control. However, one must frankly ask oneself what the state of mind of an abuser i s in order to harm another human being. It is simply unconscionable what one person can do to another. The moral development of someone who is an abuser is obviously retarded in some sense. Someone who abuses another person does not have a good grasp on moral values which dictate that humans should be treated decently and with at least cordiality if not kindness. However, the abuser is really not a person who has the best morals in the first place to begin anyway. An abuser is someone who is conniving, devious, and exacting in their intent to harm another person-usually, but not always, a woman and sometimes a child. The abuser may be

Question to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question to answer - Essay Example n terms of effectiveness, managers in my organization use the budget process to strategize for the future since the cost of healthcare equipments and services is constantly changing as a result of uncertainties in the global market. Our organization is able to forecast on future costs of these equipments and therefore make financial plans to purchase them before the costs increase. To purchase these equipments, the managers must first understand cash flow within the organization in order to plan or budget on the basis of available funds. This is how my organization employs the concept of budgeting. I have observed that there is a disconnect between the managers and the employees in relation to budget formulation and implementation. The managers solely formulate the budget and then impart or confer it to the employees. In so doing, employees are not involved in the formulation process and hence they feel that their input is not needed within the organization. Achieving projected results from a budget is dependent on the employees as they are the implementers of action plans (Finkler, Ward and Baker, 2007). In our case, the purchase of new equipments is geared towards improving efficiency in the workplace and in the long run increase performance and patients satisfaction. The fact that employees are not involved in formulating the budget affects their motivation levels and job satisfaction and hence affecting the outcome of care practices. Engaging the employees in the budgeting process in terms of considering their input would greatly improve the process and also improve employ ees

Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay

Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay Brazing and soldering was the joining process, it similar like are welding process. The result in the name of the joining are being interchanged and confused. The welding society like an American society was selected the arbitrary temperature, example 800  °F as a line derarkation between two processes. Brazing is joining process that similar soldering except that the joining takes place at temperatures above 800  °F. Definition brazing is a metal joining process by using a filler metal is heated above and distributed between two or more close fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly together, it melting temperature while to protected and by a suitable atmosphere with usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal and is then cooled to join the workpieces together. It was similar to soldering, except the temperatures using to melt the filler metal is above 842  °F. The filler metals are distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. Brazing is call really braze-welding, wherein, a nonferrous filler metal is applied. Brazing alloys was much stronger than solder alloys. The brazed joint not requires as much depth to achieve the strength as the soldered joint. To achieve the strength, filler metal must be alloy wi th the base metal. The filler metal must combine with the base metal properly. The brazing condition was very good if the combination very properly. They are eight basic steps in making capillary metallurgical joints like step 1 is Cutting and sizing the parts to be joined, step is Cleaning, step 3 is Fluxing, step 4 is Assembling and supporting or jigging. For step 5 is heating, step 6 was applying filler metal, step 7 is cooling and last step was Post-cleaning. Several of brazing process must to added operations for cooling and post-cleaning. These steps may require for more operations in order to prevent further action by using the flux. The basic procedures must follow and the correct filler alloys are used, to having a successful joining. The joining design must be suitable capillary for the molten filler when the joint elements are properly aligned. The flow of filler must need to enable and assure coverage. Filler metal must melt at a lower temperature at the base material of allow the flow, substrate wetting, and interdiffusion. This means that some component of the filler metal must be soluble in the substrate solvent .To allow the brazing, heat can apply at the joint or to the entire assembly to be brazed. In this case, a temperature must be reached at the joint to allow the filler metal to melt, wet, and flow. Temperature must at least in the joint to prevent uneven or incomplete filling. Protective shielding is required during brazing process to prevent oxidation of cleaned joint on the surfaces during heating and until completed the braze flow. This can be accomplished with another a chemical flux or an inert atmosphere. Sometimes the flux or atmosphere can be required to clean and chemically can be active the surface at the brazed. To have a high quality brazed joint, the base metals and part must be closed, exceptionally clean and free from the oxides. In these cases, the joint clearances must be from 0.03 to 0.08mm because that clearance was the best capillary action and joint strength. However, some brazing process is not uncommon to have joint clearances around 0.6  mm. The brazing surfaces are very importance, as any contamination also can cause poor wetting. They have two main methods to cleaning parts, prior to brazing are chemical cleaning and mechanical cleaning. Mechanical cleaning is very importance to maintain at surface to force the wetting on a rough surface occurs more readily than on a smooth surface on the same geometry. Effect of temperature and time on the quality of brazed joints cannot be over looked. Temperature of the braze alloy can be increased because the alloying and wetting action of the filler metal increases very well. The brazing temperature must select above the melting point of the filler metal. However, there factors that influence the joint designers temperature selection. Must choice the best temperature as to be the lowest possible braze temperature, minimize any heat effects on the assembly, keep filler metal or base metal interactions to a minimum, and must maximize the life of any fixtures or jigs used. Some of cases, may can allow selected a higher temperature for other factors in the design. The effect on the brazed joint primarily affects the extent to which the aforementioned effects are present; however, in general most production processes are selected to minimize brazing time and costs. The most important is the non-production settings; time and cost are secondary to oth er joint attributes for example like strength and an appearance. Brazing process not contained within an inert atmosphere environment, fluxes are required to prevent oxides from forming from the metal in heated. The flux can clean any contamination on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be apply in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, and powder or pre-made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. The flux can also been like brazing rods with a coating of flux, or another name call flux core. In this case, the flux flows into the joint when the process to heat the joint and displaced by the molten filler metal to entering the joining. Excess flux must be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left at the joint can lead to became corrosion and prevent further surface finishing of brazing process. When the joining copper to copper can contain the brazing alloy can be self-fluxing. Generally, the flux can select base on their performance on particular base metals. The flux must be chemically compatible with the bas e metal and the filler metal brazing process. Self-fluxing phosphorus filler alloys can produce brittle phosphides if the material was iron or nickel. As a rule, a type cycles brazing should use less active fluxes for short brazing process. The materials for alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depend on application method. Braze alloys made up of 3 or more metals to form an alloy with the considered necessary properties. The filler metal can be chosen on its ability to: wet the base metals, melt at a lower temperature than the base metals or at a very specific temperature and withstand the service conditions required. Braze alloy been use in form as rod, ribbon, powder, paste, cream and wire. Depending on the application, the filler material can be pre-placed at the desired location or applied during the heating cycle. Wire and rod forms are generally used as they are the easiest to apply while heating in manual brazing process. In the case of furnace brazing, using material alloy can placed beforehand since the process is usually highly automated. The have many types of filler metals used are aluminium silicon, copper, copper phosphorus, brass, gold-silver, nickel alloy and silver.The high temperatures, oxidat ion of metal surfaces occurs in oxygen containing atmosphere from the brazing process. They may use other environment than air. The commonly used from the atmosphere like air, noble gas, and vacuum and combusted fuel gas. For combusted gas is nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen. Torch brazing is used because the most common method of mechanized brazing. They are three types of torch brazing in use for example like manual, machine and automatic torch brazing. Manual torch brazing is a procedure want the heat is using a gas flame on the joint b. The torch can be on hand held or held in a fixed position depending on if the process is completely manual or has some level of automation. Machine torch brazing was use a repetitive braze process is being carried out. This method is a mix from automated and manual process with an operator often placing brazes material, flux and jigging parts on the machine mechanism carries out the actual brazing. The advantage by using machine torch brazing method is that it reduces the high labour and skill requirement was better that manual brazing. Automatic torch brazing is a method use the eliminates in brazing operation, except for loading and unloading of the machine. The advantages by using this method is had a high productio n rate, reduced operating cost and uniform braze quality. In this process, they have advantages and disadvantage. For advantages, brazing process was not melting the base metal of the joining, the brazing allows much tighter control over tolerances and produces a clean joint. Dissimilar metals and non-metals can be brazed. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion with another welding process. The process is complex and multi-part assemblies can be brazed cost-effectively. The brazing can be coated for protective purposes and easily to adapt on mass production. For disadvantages on the brazing process is the lack of joint strength as compared with another welding process was the softer filler metals is using. The strength of the joint is less that of the base metal but is greater than the filler metal. The brazing joints easily damaged on high temperatures. SOLDERING Soldering is definite a process combine two or more metal items are joint into one by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joining. The filler metal had a relatively low melting point. The soldering was soft characterized by the melting point of the filler rod and the temperatures are 752  Ã‚ °F. They call solder in this process and by using the filler metal. Soldering was distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal, it similar with the brazing. In a soldering process, they heat is on the parts of the joint, it causing the solder to melt and drawn into the joint. After the metal on cools, the resulting joints can see that not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength, water-tightness and electrical conductivity are good. The metallurgy of solders is presented some detail for the representative and predominant tin-lead system to overviews for important but less often used systems. The physical on solders are then described. The critical role of fluxes, their compositions and their physical forms are then described. Soldering can apply for assembling electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another application is to joints the sheet metal objects for example food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators. Jewellery are assembled and repaired by applying soldering process. Small mechanical parts are often soldered as well. Soldering can join lead came, copper foil in stained glass work and semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container or cooking vessel. Soldering can consider that the temperatures was so low, a soldered joint was limited service at elevated temperatures. Generally, the strength was should not be used for load-bearing members. For examples soldering applications include tin-lead, tin-zinc for joining aluminium, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength in high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics. The capacity material in soldering filler was many different alloys for differing applications. In electronics assembly, it was using the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead. Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. A eutectic formulation had advantages for soldering, the coincidence of the liquidus and solidus temperature. For quicker wetting as the solder heats up and quicker as call the solder cools. Additionally, the eutectic formulation had the lowest possible melting point, can minimize heat stress on electronic components during soldering. The solder was used in a soldered joint is selected to provide good wetting, spreading or flow, and joint penetration in the actual soldering operation and the desired joint properties in the finished product. A flux is intended to enhance the wetting of the base metal by the solder from precleaned surfaces and preventing the reformation of oxide or tarnish during the soldering operation. The select ion was depends on the ease with which a material can be soldering. Chemically was not aggressive or mild fluxes are used with solderable base metals. When chemically aggressive inorganic fluxes are usually used on metals are so difficult to wet, like stainless steels because of their Cr content. Chemically was reducing the gaseous atmospheres can be used to clean and subsequently protect precleaned joint elements in an assembly to be soldered. The joints that are enable to soldered should be designed and to permit application of flux. Joining should be designed properly to clearance is maintained between joint elements during the heating and cooling stages of the soldering operation. To maintain the alignment of joint components during the process, special fixtures may be necessary or the units of the assembly can be crimped, clinched, otherwise held together mechanically or by holding adhesives. The surface was an unclean will prevent the molten solder from wetting and spreading, making soldering difficult or impossible and contributing to poor joint properties. Flux can consider should not substitute for precleaning. Precleaning may remove the organic contaminants like grease, oil, paint, pencil marks, lubricants, coolants, and dirt, as well as inorganic films like oxides and other tarnish layers. Precleaning can involve any or all of the following three progressively vigorous methods for example like degreasing, pickling and mechanical cleaning. Precleaning can also be followed by a fourth step, precoating. All cleaning solutions can be thoroughly and remove before the soldering in progress. Precoating should be for metals that are difficult to solder because oxidize readily and, thus, can re-oxidize after precleaning if soldering is delayed too long. Precoating involves coating the base metal surfaces to be soldered with a more solderable and more oxidation-resistant metal or alloy before the soldering operation. Soldering can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time on a production line. Hand soldering or manual soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. In Sheet metal work was use traditionally with soldering coppers directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; torches or electrically-heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joining required with the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. It depending on the nature of flux material, the joints may be required after they have cooled. Distinction between soldering and brazing is arbitrary, based on the melting temperature of the filler material. Generally cannot achieve high enough temperat ures for brazing. Practically speaking there is a significant difference between the two processes, for example the brazing fillers have far more structural strength than solders, and are formulated for this as opposed to maximum electrical conductivity. Brazed connections are often as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect. Hard soldering or silver soldering was been performed with high-temperature solder containing up and it also often a form of brazing, since it involves filler materials with melting points in the vicinity. In silver soldering process was given a beautiful, structurally sound joint, especially in the field of jewellery. The power source of heat in induction soldering is heating by high-frequency AC current only. Some of metals are easier to solder than others like copper, silver, and gold. The more difficult material like iron and nickel because of their thin, strong oxide films, stainless steel and aluminium are even little more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, steels, ceramics, and graphite can soldering but it involves a process similar to joining carbides. They are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding. Hand soldering tools include the electric soldering iron, the variety of tips available ranging from blunt to very fine to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics, and the soldering gun, which typically provides more power, giving faster heat-up and allowing larger parts to be soldered. Soldering torches are a type of soldering device that uses a flame rather than a soldering iron tip to heat solder. Soldering torches are often powered by butane and are available in sizes ranging from very small butane/oxygen units suitable for very high-temperature jewellery work, to full-size oxy-fuel torches suitable for much larger work as copper piping. Common multipurpose propane torches, the kind used for heat-stripping paint and thawing pipes, can be used for soldering pipes and other fairly large objects either with or without a soldering tip attachment; pipes are soldered with a torch by directly applying the open flame. The soldering copper is a tool with a large copper head and a long handl e that can heated in a blacksmiths forge fire and apply heat to sheet metal for soldering. Typical soldering coppers had heads weighing between one and four pounds. The head provides a thermal mass, can store enough heat for soldering large areas between re-heating the copper in the fire. The larger the head, the longer the working time it affords. Conclusion The Soldering was similar like brazing, enables solid materials to be joined by using molten filler to flow into and fill the space between properly joint faying surfaces and then to solidify without required and causing melting of the base material. The liquidus of the filler in soldering is below the solidus of the base materials and below 4508C (8408F), by convention. Wetting and spreading of the filler by capillary action are then critical to proper distribution of the solder. The strength arises from a combination of metallic or other primary bonding. The principal reasons for soldering are to provide electrical connectivity and conductivity or leaktightness or hermeticity, as opposed to providing mechanical strength. They have similar and difference soldering with brazing. The brazing was similar like one of type of welding process by using gases. The soldering not using gases, just using electrical or manual like pre heat the flux.

What lies in the future of our youth? Essay -- Persuasive, Youth Deli

What lies in the future of our youth? Do we really know? The beliefs should be believed that we have the power to mold the minds of our children, that we have to take any steps necessary to make sure that the mold is something that we would like to see in our up and coming youth molded into, and that we cannot allow this mold to be broken. Our basic survival depends on those minds of our youth that we need to take the time to mold today. Youth delinquency is a massively growing problem in the United States today. Youth delinquency â€Å"refers to abnormal social or legal behavior by children or adolescents, for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers. There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime, most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of youth crime† (Youth Delinquency, 1999 p.1). A youth (juvenile) delinquent is one who repeatedly commits crime. There are multiple reasons for the increase in criminal activity amount the nation’s youthful population. â€Å"A substantial amount of research has been devoted to the factors that may put youth at risk for delinquency. These risk factors can be found in every life domain (individual, family, school, community, and peer group), and everyone experiences some degree of risk in his or her life. With regard to juvenile delinquency, the number, types, duration, timing and severity of risks may increase the likelihood that a youth will engage in antisocial behavior† (Christle, Jolivette and Nelson, 2005 p. 70). Delinquent and criminal behavior among young people, as they negotiate the transition from childhood to adulthood, is an increasingly complex and confusing world. For many young people today, traditional patterns guiding the relations... ...quency. â€Å"With the development of delinquency in youth being influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts are comprehensive in scope. Prevention services include activities such as substance abuse education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering† (Youth Delinquency, 1999 p.4). These protective measures should also include protective factors, such as things as strong social support systems, positive role-models and psycho-social education. Encouraging our youth to volunteer promotes civic-mindedness and gives them the opportunity to associate with other positive youths and people. When our youth are being held accountable and takes responsibility for all of their actions and behaviors, they will have a better and more balanced self-esteem and more confident when dealing with the world.

Have You Ever Experienced Falling in Love? Essay

Have you ever experienced falling in love? How do you know if you’re in love? Does age really matter when you fall in love? What does love feel like? These are some of the questions asked by teenagers like me. I, as a teenager, admit that I have loved someone, and have been loved back. At first, I didn’t know that, but I woke up one morning and realized that I was in love with him. I taught myself that time that I was too young for love since I was just 15 years old back then, but in reality, age does not really matter at all. Love is the greatest feeling in the whole world. As a teenager we can’t help but get curious in things like love. So I decided to read an article about teenage love. In everyone’s teenage years, we will encounter different people, get interested with someone, we want to be loved and fall in love. There will also come a time in our adolescent years where we will get an urge to fall in love with someone so that we will not be left behind with what is trending, because this is part of our physical growth as a teen. Francis Githinji states that â€Å"Teenage is a confusing place to be because you are not old enough to be called mature and you are not too young to be called a child.† Francis is right, we are in a place of confusion because sometimes, we feel like we are old enough to handle these love situations and sometimes we feel that we are too young to be serious in love. Teens also conclude that they’re in love with someone but then they don’t realize that they are just infatuated. Out of curiosity, teens want to experience and explore something new about themselves that is connected with love. It is because they hear from certain people that if love is real, there should be sexual intercourse involved. But for me, it’s not real love if it’s only lust. And if you really love someone, you will respect her/him. That’s what I call love. No one can say if teenage love is real or not, but as you experience love in your teenage years, you’ll learn from it and become wiser the next time you fall in love again. Nobody is an expert when it comes to love. We can’t control love, it just comes around. We will get shocked that one day, we fell in love someone. There is nothing wrong with falling in love, but sometimes the people in it make mistakes. We just have to know how to handle love. As we take on our teenage life, we will get along with other people and unexpectedly fall in love. But it doesn’t matter whether it’s real or not, as long as we are enjoying our life. We are still young, and there are many experiences that await us.

Curiosity Kits Neon and Magic Powerballs Review

Curiosity Kits' Neon and Magic Powerballs Review Curiosity Kits offers a science kit called Neon and Glow Magic Powerballs. The kit, for ages 6, lets you create your own polymer bouncy balls. What You Get and What You Need Most of what you need to make powerballs comes with the kit. You get: 4 molds to make different shapes of balls20 packs of crystals in 7 neon and glow-in-the-dark colorsresealable plastic bags so you can store your ballsinstructions You need to supply: cup of waterscissors to open the packageswatch or timerfoil or plastic wrap My Experience Making Magic Powerballs My kids and I made powerballs. They are ages 9-14, so none was as young as the lower limit listed on the product, but I dont think a younger child would have any difficulty with this project. Children younger than age 6 might have trouble pouring the crystals into the mold to make a ball or might be tempted to eat the crystals. The instructions for this kit are very clear and include pictures, so its very easy to get great results. Basically, here is what you do: Snap together the molds.Pour crystals (one or many colors, be creative!) into a mold until it is full.Immerse the filled mold in a cup of water for 90 seconds. (We just counted to 90.)Remove the mold from water and allow it to sit on the counter for 3 minutes (time didnt seem to be critical), then remove it from the mold and set it on a piece of foil or plastic wrap.When the ball is set or not-sticky, bounce it and play with it.Store each ball in its own plastic bag (included). Pretty easy, right? It didnt seem to matter if you left the ball in the mold longer than 3 minutes, but you do not want to leave the filled mold in the water longer than 90 seconds. If you leave the ball in the water too long the crystals will swell up and split the mold open. The mold will be fine, but you will get a seriously mutated ball. The balls bounce really high. If they get dirty, you can just rinse them off with water. The package said you could make 20 balls using the materials, but we actually got 23 balls out of the package. What I Liked and Didnt Like About Magic Powerballs What I Liked Easy enough even a child can make them.The project is quick. I would say you could go from opening the package to having a ball within 10 minutes.You dont need any strange materials. Get a glass of water and youre set.The project is very safe. Its safe to touch the materials. The balls are non-toxic.Clean-up was simple. Just wipe down your work surface with a damp sponge when you are done.The balls are exactly as described. They really do bounce up to 15 feet. They really are bright neon colors. Most of the colors glow very brightly under a black light. Some of the colors glow in the dark (green for sure, possibly pink). What I Didnt Like This is one of the best science activity kits Ive come across, so there isnt a lot I would improve. However, I wish the instructions had included some explanation of the chemistry behind making the powerballs. It also might be nice if the crystals came in resealable bags so that you didnt need scissors and so you could store materials in case you dont make all the balls at one time. Magic Powerballs Summary Would I buy this kit again? Definitely! This would be an affordable and fun party activity for kids. It is an enjoyable family science activity. Do my kids want to do this activity again? Yes. The balls do not last forever (instructions said they were good for about 20 days), so this is a project that can be repeated.

Free Essays on Brain Influence

Brain Influence I. Introduction. In choosing this book I discovered many interesting elements that caught my attention. Primarily it was the idea that this book â€Å"Your Brain at Work,† by Dr. Margaret A. Golton set the stage by addressing the psychological and mechanical processes the brain controls, by which personality and characters are formed. Secondly, I choose this book because I presumed discovering a clearer understanding about the self, mind, and its structure, content and function as it pertains to my psychological development. II. Summary. From the beginning of the book the author governs her thoughts and explanations consistently with the idea of the BONN approach as it relates to the development and dynamics of the brain. What is unique about the BONN approach to psychological development is that its not concerned with the past history, or special environment, but rather emphasizes the life experience for being the main contributor and common denominator to psychological development. First, the author begins addressing the brain and its organizational profile. With a very concise methodology Golton describes the dimensions of the brain and how the separate are inter-connected. She mentions that the brain has a core which, Lee Morton calls the â€Å"homunculus,† even though many psychologists, biologists, and scientists all together often call this aspect of the brain the â€Å"prenucleus.† Golton states, â€Å"that the prenucleus† transcends the historical idea of the brain and is of tremendous importance as it contributes to brain functioning† . It is the decision-making element of the mind, which has tremendous impact on the morals, precedence, and ambitions that govern a person’s life. For this is the platform where the author pronounces her ideas and facts in determining how the human personality is developed, and how the mysteries of brain activity and its intricacies is the sole reasoning for why e... Free Essays on Brain Influence Free Essays on Brain Influence Brain Influence I. Introduction. In choosing this book I discovered many interesting elements that caught my attention. Primarily it was the idea that this book â€Å"Your Brain at Work,† by Dr. Margaret A. Golton set the stage by addressing the psychological and mechanical processes the brain controls, by which personality and characters are formed. Secondly, I choose this book because I presumed discovering a clearer understanding about the self, mind, and its structure, content and function as it pertains to my psychological development. II. Summary. From the beginning of the book the author governs her thoughts and explanations consistently with the idea of the BONN approach as it relates to the development and dynamics of the brain. What is unique about the BONN approach to psychological development is that its not concerned with the past history, or special environment, but rather emphasizes the life experience for being the main contributor and common denominator to psychological development. First, the author begins addressing the brain and its organizational profile. With a very concise methodology Golton describes the dimensions of the brain and how the separate are inter-connected. She mentions that the brain has a core which, Lee Morton calls the â€Å"homunculus,† even though many psychologists, biologists, and scientists all together often call this aspect of the brain the â€Å"prenucleus.† Golton states, â€Å"that the prenucleus† transcends the historical idea of the brain and is of tremendous importance as it contributes to brain functioning† . It is the decision-making element of the mind, which has tremendous impact on the morals, precedence, and ambitions that govern a person’s life. For this is the platform where the author pronounces her ideas and facts in determining how the human personality is developed, and how the mysteries of brain activity and its intricacies is the sole reasoning for why e...

Organizational Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Structure - Essay Example As mentioned in the case, Nissan Company is facing certain problems and due to these problems the productivity and efficiency is affected to a great extent. The company owner aims to make the company improve its operational efficiency and produce better results. Organizational structure as mentioned earlier is of three kinds centralized, decentralized and departmentalized structure (Clark & Fujimoto, 1991). These structures can be adopted in order to make a company powerful and successful one. Centralized structure is a structure with the help of which decisions can be taken as a whole. People will work together by sharing their thoughts, feelings, ideas and will generate better results. Whereas decentralized structure is a structure with the help of which problems can be resolved easily if there are any. And departmentalized structure is a structure with the help of which one can extend the department line in order to gain more profits in a particular market, geographic area etc. One of the well known companies, Nissan, when enters in its fiscal year 2009 tries to change its organizational structure as directed by its Chairman Carlos Tavares as mentioned in the case. ... The company should introduce new and innovative ideas in order to have a joy of everyday driving (Wickens, 1987). The company should also strategically consolidate its operations across other countries too in order to have a diverse economic zone. In addition to this, different operation committees should be established who should be responsible of making different decisions, the decisions should be performance based so that they can easily judge that what they should do in order to make their company perform better. One new and a different organizational design should be there in order to enhance the future growth of the company. Marketing, sales and the support system should be managed more locally because they are the one who are suppose to respond to the needs of the local markets. Similarly the supply chain management should work more logically and with different set of strategies in order to keep a check that whether the company is functioning properly or not. Various holistic approaches should be taken in order to do something different so that it will be very much easy for the company to compete with other companies. RECOMMENDATION 1 The company should adopt centralized structure. Centralized structure is a structure with the help of which all the decisions are made only at the level of the firm as a whole (Dalton et al., 1970). This structure will tend to increase the decision making level of the company too and with the help of this structure the company can generate better results. This organizational structure also allows the firm to avoid all the low performing activities and also to coordinate across its all divisions. Therefore, if there

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Pollution - Essay Example This condition of remaining free of ice is highly dependent on the water currents and states of the weather. The Polar Bears usually favor such areas which enable them to hunt for seals in these spots of leads and makes use of the sea ice to be their podium (Sea World, â€Å"Distribution and Habitat†). In the similarly context, polynyas are water areas which are bounded by ice all around the year because of tidal currents, winds and upwelling. These areas are considered to be significant as they serve as major food supplying and breeding regions for wintering marine mammals such as the Polar Bears. Few of the Polar Bears were learnt to chase the lower border of the floating sea ice throughout the year and makes widespread relocations according to the retreats and proceeds made by the ice (Sea World, â€Å"Distribution and Habitat†). The population of the Polar Bears has been found to be declining at an alarming pace because of their disappearing habitat owing to global warming. The various reasons accounting for the alterations in the climate has resulted in speedy loss of ice in the Arctic sea. The ice in the Arctic sea was found to turn down by 7.7 percent every decade along with a turn down in the sea ice in the perennial sea region by 9.8 percent every decade. To add more to this problem, in few of the areas, a contraction of the ice in the Arctic sea was found to be 32 percent from the periods of 1960 and 1970 to 1990. This huge decline in the ice areas have resulted in jeopardizing their habitat of the Polar Bears which is posing to be a severe threat to their population (World Wildlife Fund, â€Å"Polar Bear: This icon of the North Is Losing Ground As Global Warming Melts its Sea Ice Habitat†). Moreover, the ice is examined to melt quite before time in a year and is taking more time to develop owing to the alterations in the climate. This